http://www.csudh.edu/dearhabermas/kohlberg01bk.htm1. STAGE DEVELOPMENT IS INVARIANT AND SEQUENTIAL.
One must progress through the stages in order, and one cannot get to a higher stage without passing through the stage immediately preceding it. Higher stages incorporate the thinking and experience of all lower stages of reasoning into current levels of reasoning but transcends them for higher levels. (e.g, Stage Four reasoning will understand the reasoning of Stages 1-3 but will reason at a higher level) A belief that a leap into moral maturity is possible is in sharp contrast to the facts of developmental research. Moral development is growth, and like all growth, takes place according to a pre-determined sequence. To expect someone to grow into high moral maturity overnight would be like expecting someone to walk before he crals.
2 . IN STAGE DEVELOPMENT, SUBJETS CANNOT COMPREHEND MORAL REASONING AT A STAGE MORE THAN ONE STAGE BEYOND THEIR OWN.
If Johnny is oriented to see good almost exclusively as that which brings him satisfaction, how will he understand a concept of good in which the "good" may bring him no tangible pleasure at all. The moral maxim "It is better to give than to receive" reflects a high level of development. The child who honestly asks you why it is better to give than to receive, does so because he does not and cannot understand such thinking. To him, "better" means better for him. And how can it be better for him to give, than to get. Thus, higher stages can comprehend lower stages of reasoning though they find it less compelling. But lower stages cannot comprehend higher stages of reasoning.
3. IN STAGE DEVELOPMENT INDIVIDUALS ARE COGNITIVELY ATTRACTED TO REASONING ONE LEVEL ABOVE THEIR OWN PRESENT PREDOMINANT LEVEL.
The person has questions and problems the solutions for which are less satisfying at his present level. Since reasoning at one stage higher is intelligible and since it makes more sense and resolves more difficulties, it is more attractive. For example, two brothers both want the last piece of pie. The bigger, stronger brother will probably get it. The little brother suggests they share it. He is thinking at level two, rather than at level one. The solution for him is more attractive: getting some rather than none. An adult who functions at level one consistently will end up in prison or dead.
4. IN STAGE DEVELOPMENT, MOVEMENT THROUGH THE STAGES IS EFFECTED WHEN COGNITIVE DISEQUILIBRIUM IS CREATED, THAT IS, WHEN A PERSON'S COGNITIVE OUTLOOK IS NOT ADEQUATE TO COPE WITH A GIVEN MORAL DILEMMA.
The person who is growing, will look for more and more adequate ways of solving problems. If he has no problems, no dilemmas, he is not likely to look for solutions. He will not grow morally. (The Hero, prior to his calling, lives in comfortable stagnation. Small towns are notorious for their low level "provincial" reasoning). In the apple pie example. The big brother, who can just take the pie and get away with it, is less likely to look for a better solution than the younger brother who will get none and probably a beating in the struggle. Life crises often present opportunities for moral development. These include loss of one's job, moving to another location, death of a significant other, unforeseen tragedies and disasters.
5. IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE FOR A HUMAN BEING TO BE PHYSICALLY MATURE BUT NOT MORALLY MATURE
Development of moral reasoning is not automatic. It does not simply occur in tandem with chronological aging. If a child is spoiled, never having to accommodate for others needs, if he is raised in an environment where level two thinking by others gets the job done, he may never generate enough questions to propel him to a higher level of moral reasoning. People who live in small towns or enclaves within larger cities and never encounter those outside their tribal boundaries are unlikely to have cause to develop morally. One key factor in development of moral reasoning is the regularity with which one encounters moral dilemmas, even if only hypothetically. Kohlberg found that the vast majority of adults never develop past conventional moral reasoning, the bulk of them coming to rest in either Stage 3 Tribal or Stage 4 Social Conventional stages. This is partly because the reinforcement mechanisms of the "common sense" of everyday life provided little reason or opportunity to confront moral dilemmas and thus one's own moral reasoning.
See entree explanation and criticism about about Kohlberg's Moral Theory of Development
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Showing posts with label Sociology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Sociology. Show all posts
Sunday, August 3, 2014
Wednesday, July 30, 2014
Love at Goon Park by Deborah Blum
Note: My opinon on the studies? I'd strangle this ahole and gladly go to jail for it.
However, this is very education as it teaches us how important love, and compassion is. This book talks about how important love really it.
"Students who read about Harry Harlow in textbooks of psychology or animal behavior are usually presented with two impressions: appealing pictures of young rhesus monkeys clinging tightly to cloth- or wire-covered mother surrogates equipped with small nursing bottles for feeding, and the almost obligatory, sanctimonious comments about the alleged cruelty of Harlow's monkey experiments (FigureHarry Harlow with a Cloth-Covered Surrogate Mother and a Baby Monkey in 1958.). Deborah Blum's biography of Harry Harlow describes the complex and fascinating realities behind these two simplistic impressions. Her book recounts the remarkable career of Harlow at the University of Wisconsin and the largely unappreciated effect of his monkey studies on our views of healthy infant care.
Harlow arrived at the University of Wisconsin in 1930 as a new faculty member with an unlikely combination of shyness and insatiable ambition. His lifelong research strategy was to go for the big creative leap, bypassing others and, if possible, demolishing sacred cows along the way. After building a small primate laboratory on university property without obtaining official permission, he spent the next 25 years demonstrating the wonderfully diverse and complex learning capabilities of rhesus monkeys. He taught rhesus monkeys concepts that were the most difficult of any taught to a nonhuman primate up until that time. Harlow showed that monkeys could learn to disassemble a complex puzzle without the reward of food as easily as they could with the reward — a result inconsistent with the commonly assumed primacy of drive reduction in learning. These achievements were attained only with a prodigious amount of work at the laboratory, seven days a week including nights, with costs to his marriage, family, and mental well-being.
By the late 1950s, Harlow had a new, more spacious laboratory and a successful breeding program for rhesus monkeys. At this point, relatively late in his career, he had an epiphany about building an artificial mother, the now-famous mother surrogate. During the next 15 years, he and his graduate students conducted one of the most remarkable research programs in 20th-century psychology. Their initial studies showed that comfortable, tactual contact provided by terry-cloth–covered surrogates increased the attachment of infant rhesus monkeys to surrogates dramatically more than did the provision of milk. The mother surrogate was an enormously effective innovation. It could be used to measure an infant's attachment to an artificial mother and was easily modified to determine the effect of multiple, maternally related variables on that attachment. The surrogate studies were quickly followed by others on the effects of social isolation on behavioral development and maternal behavior, including demonstrations that the depression sometimes observed in human children who had been separated from their mothers could be reproduced in young rhesus monkeys.
However, this is very education as it teaches us how important love, and compassion is. This book talks about how important love really it.
"Students who read about Harry Harlow in textbooks of psychology or animal behavior are usually presented with two impressions: appealing pictures of young rhesus monkeys clinging tightly to cloth- or wire-covered mother surrogates equipped with small nursing bottles for feeding, and the almost obligatory, sanctimonious comments about the alleged cruelty of Harlow's monkey experiments (FigureHarry Harlow with a Cloth-Covered Surrogate Mother and a Baby Monkey in 1958.). Deborah Blum's biography of Harry Harlow describes the complex and fascinating realities behind these two simplistic impressions. Her book recounts the remarkable career of Harlow at the University of Wisconsin and the largely unappreciated effect of his monkey studies on our views of healthy infant care.
Harlow arrived at the University of Wisconsin in 1930 as a new faculty member with an unlikely combination of shyness and insatiable ambition. His lifelong research strategy was to go for the big creative leap, bypassing others and, if possible, demolishing sacred cows along the way. After building a small primate laboratory on university property without obtaining official permission, he spent the next 25 years demonstrating the wonderfully diverse and complex learning capabilities of rhesus monkeys. He taught rhesus monkeys concepts that were the most difficult of any taught to a nonhuman primate up until that time. Harlow showed that monkeys could learn to disassemble a complex puzzle without the reward of food as easily as they could with the reward — a result inconsistent with the commonly assumed primacy of drive reduction in learning. These achievements were attained only with a prodigious amount of work at the laboratory, seven days a week including nights, with costs to his marriage, family, and mental well-being.
By the late 1950s, Harlow had a new, more spacious laboratory and a successful breeding program for rhesus monkeys. At this point, relatively late in his career, he had an epiphany about building an artificial mother, the now-famous mother surrogate. During the next 15 years, he and his graduate students conducted one of the most remarkable research programs in 20th-century psychology. Their initial studies showed that comfortable, tactual contact provided by terry-cloth–covered surrogates increased the attachment of infant rhesus monkeys to surrogates dramatically more than did the provision of milk. The mother surrogate was an enormously effective innovation. It could be used to measure an infant's attachment to an artificial mother and was easily modified to determine the effect of multiple, maternally related variables on that attachment. The surrogate studies were quickly followed by others on the effects of social isolation on behavioral development and maternal behavior, including demonstrations that the depression sometimes observed in human children who had been separated from their mothers could be reproduced in young rhesus monkeys.
Tuesday, July 8, 2014
Who and why is Lucy the chimpanzee important?
"Lucy (1964–1987) was a chimpanzee owned by the Institute for Primate Studies in Oklahoma, and raised by Maurice K. Temerlin, Ph.D., a psychotherapist and professor at the University of Oklahoma and his wife, Jane.
Temerlin and his wife raised Lucy as if she were a human child, teaching her to eat with silverware, dress herself, flip through magazines, and sit in a chair at the dinner table. She was taught signs taken from American Sign Language by primatologist Roger Fouts as part of an ape language project and eventually learned 140 signs. She appeared in Life magazine, where she became famous for drinking straight gin, rearing a cat, and using Playgirl and a vacuum cleaner for sexual gratification.Around that time, the Temerlins introduced her for the first time to a male chimpanzee, and she was frightened and did not relate to him, let alone find him attractive. Fouts has written that when he arrived at Lucy's home at 8:30 every morning, Lucy would greet him with a hug, take the kettle, fill it with water, find two cups and tea bags, and serve the tea.
Temerlin and his wife raised Lucy as if she were a human child, teaching her to eat with silverware, dress herself, flip through magazines, and sit in a chair at the dinner table. She was taught signs taken from American Sign Language by primatologist Roger Fouts as part of an ape language project and eventually learned 140 signs. She appeared in Life magazine, where she became famous for drinking straight gin, rearing a cat, and using Playgirl and a vacuum cleaner for sexual gratification.Around that time, the Temerlins introduced her for the first time to a male chimpanzee, and she was frightened and did not relate to him, let alone find him attractive. Fouts has written that when he arrived at Lucy's home at 8:30 every morning, Lucy would greet him with a hug, take the kettle, fill it with water, find two cups and tea bags, and serve the tea.
Friday, June 13, 2014
Transgressive Bodies: Representations in Film and Popular Culture by Dr Niall Richardson
"In recent years the 'body' has become one of the most popular areas of study in the arts, social sciences and humanities. Transgressive Bodies engages with these contemporary cultural debates to offer an examination of a variety of non-normative bodies and how they are represented in film, media and popular culture. It will appeal to scholars across a range of disciplines, including the media, film, culture and gender studies."
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Wednesday, May 28, 2014
Colleges embrace pop-culture studies of stars like Miley Cyrus and Beyoncé
Interesting article about how pop culture relates to Sociology.
"Rutgers, Skidmore College offer courses on music idols, finding importance in areas like feminism, women's studies"
"Attention, students: You may now twerk hard and fall crazy in love in the classroom.
Miley Cyrus and Beyoncé will be icons of academe this summer, with two area colleges offering seminars on the pop princesses.
At Rutgers University, all the single ladies (and other students, really) can put their hands up in “Feminist Perspectives: Politicizing Beyoncé,” a women’s and gender studies course starting Wednesday.
The course covers the growth of Queen Bey’s media empire, with a special emphasis on how she manages her roles as a black icon and sex symbol with motherhood and marriage.
“She’s the most powerful black woman in entertainment and pop culture,” says Kevin Allred, the doctoral student who’s teaching the class. “She’s gotten more confrontational and more explicit when she’s talking about beauty and gender.”
Beyoncé is regarded by academics as a powerful symbol of motherhood and marriage, as well as sex appeal.
Beyoncé is regarded by academics as a powerful symbol of motherhood and marriage, as well as sex appeal.
Allred sees Beyoncé as perfect fodder for a women’s studies class because she is a modern ideal of feminism. Her commitment anthem, “Single Ladies,” and her collaboration with hubby Jay Z show she’s the rare star who advocates sexual magnetism as well as monogamy, Allred says.
“Her music has always had strong implications for what it means to be a beautiful and strong woman today,” he says.
"Rutgers, Skidmore College offer courses on music idols, finding importance in areas like feminism, women's studies"
"Attention, students: You may now twerk hard and fall crazy in love in the classroom.
Miley Cyrus and Beyoncé will be icons of academe this summer, with two area colleges offering seminars on the pop princesses.
At Rutgers University, all the single ladies (and other students, really) can put their hands up in “Feminist Perspectives: Politicizing Beyoncé,” a women’s and gender studies course starting Wednesday.
The course covers the growth of Queen Bey’s media empire, with a special emphasis on how she manages her roles as a black icon and sex symbol with motherhood and marriage.
“She’s the most powerful black woman in entertainment and pop culture,” says Kevin Allred, the doctoral student who’s teaching the class. “She’s gotten more confrontational and more explicit when she’s talking about beauty and gender.”
Beyoncé is regarded by academics as a powerful symbol of motherhood and marriage, as well as sex appeal.
Beyoncé is regarded by academics as a powerful symbol of motherhood and marriage, as well as sex appeal.
Allred sees Beyoncé as perfect fodder for a women’s studies class because she is a modern ideal of feminism. Her commitment anthem, “Single Ladies,” and her collaboration with hubby Jay Z show she’s the rare star who advocates sexual magnetism as well as monogamy, Allred says.
“Her music has always had strong implications for what it means to be a beautiful and strong woman today,” he says.
Monday, March 10, 2014
16 Personality Types - Quiz
*Click pic to go to site
Get to know yourself, or someone else a little better.
Check it out!
Tuesday, February 25, 2014
Ideology
"An ideology is a set of conscious and unconscious ideas that constitute one's goals, expectations, and actions. An ideology is a comprehensive vision, a way of looking at things (compare worldview) as in several philosophical tendencies (see political ideologies), or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to all members of this society (a "received consciousness" or product of socialization).
Ideologies are systems of abstract thought applied to public matters and thus make this concept central to politics. Implicitly every political or economic tendency entails an ideology whether or not it is propounded as an explicit system of thought."
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Ideologies are systems of abstract thought applied to public matters and thus make this concept central to politics. Implicitly every political or economic tendency entails an ideology whether or not it is propounded as an explicit system of thought."
See more..
@Wikipedia
Monday, February 10, 2014
Idiosyncrasy
"An idiosyncrasy is an unusual feature of a person (though there are also other uses, (see [wikipedia]). It also means odd habit. The term is often used to express eccentricity or peculiarity. A synonym may be "quirk"."
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@Wikipedia
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Saturday, January 25, 2014
7 Social Hacks For Manipulating People
1. Whenever someone is angry and confrontational, stand next to them instead of in front of them. You won’t appear as so much of a threat, and they eventually calm down.
2. Open with “I need your help.” People don’t like the guilt of not helping someoneout. When asking for a favor from someone, begin your request by saying “I need your help.” It greatly increases your chances of getting that favor done.
3. Rephrase what the other person says and repeat it back to them. This makes them think you’re listening and really interested in what they’re saying. It makes them feel validated. Obviously, you don’t want to overdo this.
4. If you want someone to agree with you, nod while you talk.This gets the other person to nod too, and they begin to subconsciously think they agree with you.
5. If someone doesn’t like you, ask to borrow a pencil. It is a small enough favorthat they won’t say no, and it gets them to like you more.
6. Fold your arms to determine interest. If someone is observing you, they will likely mimic you. Fold your arms, and see if they do it, too.
7. Repeat a person’s name many times during a conversation. It helps you remember it, and makes them like you more."
Thursday, January 9, 2014
Euthenics
"Euthenics /juːˈθɛnɪks/ is the study of the improvement of human functioning and well-being by improvement of living conditions. Affecting the "improvement" through altering external factors such as education and the controllable environment, including the prevention and removal of contagious disease and parasites, environmentalism, education regarding employment, home economics, sanitation, and housing.
Rose Field notes of the definition in a May 23, 1926 New York Times article, "the simplest being efficient living." A right to environment.
The Flynn effect has been often cited as an example of Euthenics. Another example is the steady increase in body size in industrialized countries since the beginning of the 20th century.
Euthenics is not normally interpreted to have anything to do with changing the composition of the human gene pool by definition, although everything that affects society has some effect on who reproduces and who does not."
"According to Ellen Richards, in her book Euthenics: the science of controllable environment (1910):
“ The betterment of living conditions, through conscious endeavor, for the purpose of securing efficient human beings, is what the author means by Euthenics.
“Human vitality depends upon two primary conditions—heredity and hygiene—or conditions preceding birth and conditions during life.”
Eugenics deals with race improvement through heredity.
Euthenics deals with race improvement through environment.
Eugenics is hygiene for the future generations.
Euthenics is hygiene for the present generation.
Eugenics must await careful investigation.
Euthenics has immediate opportunity.
Euthenics precedes eugenics, developing better men now, and thus inevitably creating a better race of men in the future. Euthenics is the term proposed for the preliminary science on which Eugenics must be based.""(Wikipedia)
Rose Field notes of the definition in a May 23, 1926 New York Times article, "the simplest being efficient living." A right to environment.
The Flynn effect has been often cited as an example of Euthenics. Another example is the steady increase in body size in industrialized countries since the beginning of the 20th century.
Euthenics is not normally interpreted to have anything to do with changing the composition of the human gene pool by definition, although everything that affects society has some effect on who reproduces and who does not."
"According to Ellen Richards, in her book Euthenics: the science of controllable environment (1910):
“ The betterment of living conditions, through conscious endeavor, for the purpose of securing efficient human beings, is what the author means by Euthenics.
“Human vitality depends upon two primary conditions—heredity and hygiene—or conditions preceding birth and conditions during life.”
Eugenics deals with race improvement through heredity.
Euthenics deals with race improvement through environment.
Eugenics is hygiene for the future generations.
Euthenics is hygiene for the present generation.
Eugenics must await careful investigation.
Euthenics has immediate opportunity.
Euthenics precedes eugenics, developing better men now, and thus inevitably creating a better race of men in the future. Euthenics is the term proposed for the preliminary science on which Eugenics must be based.""(Wikipedia)
Tuesday, December 31, 2013
Animal Sapiens
"Talking with friends, use tools, sports ... not only humans can do that.
But men have built entire civilizations to achieve world domination. So
what sets us apart from other animals?"
Monday, December 30, 2013
Looking Glass Self
"
In 1902, Charles Horton Cooley created the concept of the looking-glass self, which explored how identity is formed.
The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept created by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902. It states that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. The term refers to people shaping their identity based on the perception of others, which leads the people to reinforce other people's perspectives on themselves. People shape themselves based on what other people perceive and confirm other people's opinion of themselves.
There are three main components of the looking-glass self:
An example of the looking-self concept is computer technology. Using computer technology, people can create an avatar, a customized symbol that represents the computer user. For example, in the virtual world Second Life, the computer-user can create a human-like avatar that reflects the user in regard to race, age, physical makeup, status, and the like. By selecting certain physical characteristics or symbols, the avatar reflects how the creator seeks to be perceived in the virtual world and how the symbols used in the creation of the avatar influence others' actions toward the computer user."
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The Looking Glass Self: How Our Self-image is Shaped by Society
In 1902, Charles Horton Cooley created the concept of the looking-glass self, which explored how identity is formed.
-
Charles Cooley
The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept, created by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902, stating that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others.
Key Points:
The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept stating that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others.
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There are three components of the looking-glass self: We imagine how we appear to others, we imagine the judgement of that appearance, and we develop our self (identity) through the judgments of others.
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George Herbert Mead described self as "taking the role of the other," the premise for which the self is actualized. Through interaction with others, we begin to develop an identity about who we are, as well as empathy for others.
Terms:
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George Herbert Mead
George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) was an American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist, primarily affiliated with the University of Chicago, where he was one of several distinguished pragmatists. -
Charles Horton Cooley
Charles Horton Cooley (August 17, 1864-May 8, 1929) was an American sociologist and the son of Thomas M. Cooley. He studied and went on to teach economics and sociology at the University of Michigan, and he was a founding member and the eighth president of the American Sociological Association. -
Looking-Glass self
The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept, created by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902, stating that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others.
Examples:
-
An example of the looking-self concept is computer technology. Using computer technology, people can create an avatar, a customized symbol that represents the computer user. For example, in the virtual world Second Life the computer-user can create a humanlike avatar that reflects the user in regard to race, age, physical makeup, status and the like. By selecting certain physical characteristics or symbols, the avatar reflects how the creator seeks to be perceived in the virtual world and how the symbols used in the creation of the avatar influence others' actions toward the computer-user.
The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept created by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902. It states that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. The term refers to people shaping their identity based on the perception of others, which leads the people to reinforce other people's perspectives on themselves. People shape themselves based on what other people perceive and confirm other people's opinion of themselves.
There are three main components of the looking-glass self:
- First, we imagine how we must appear to others.
- Second, we imagine the judgment of that appearance.
- Finally, we develop our self through the judgments of others.
An example of the looking-self concept is computer technology. Using computer technology, people can create an avatar, a customized symbol that represents the computer user. For example, in the virtual world Second Life, the computer-user can create a human-like avatar that reflects the user in regard to race, age, physical makeup, status, and the like. By selecting certain physical characteristics or symbols, the avatar reflects how the creator seeks to be perceived in the virtual world and how the symbols used in the creation of the avatar influence others' actions toward the computer user."
Read more...
More info...
The Looking Glass Self: How Our Self-image is Shaped by Society
Tuesday, December 17, 2013
Ethnography
"Ethnography (from Greek ἔθνος ethnos "folk, people" and γράφω grapho "to write") is a qualitative research design aimed at exploring cultural phenomena. The resulting field study or a case report reflects the knowledge and the system of meanings in the lives of a cultural group.An ethnography is a means to represent graphically and in writing, the culture of a group.
Ethnography, as the empirical data on human societies and cultures, was pioneered in the biological, social, and cultural branches of anthropology but has also become popular in the social sciences in general—sociology, communication studies, history—wherever people study ethnic groups, formations, compositions, resettlements, social welfare characteristics, materiality, spirituality, and a people's ethnogenesis" (Wikipedia)
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What is Ethnography?
Ethnography, as the empirical data on human societies and cultures, was pioneered in the biological, social, and cultural branches of anthropology but has also become popular in the social sciences in general—sociology, communication studies, history—wherever people study ethnic groups, formations, compositions, resettlements, social welfare characteristics, materiality, spirituality, and a people's ethnogenesis" (Wikipedia)
More info....
What is Ethnography?
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